2.
  -2024
..  
 
(    )
:      :75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.   -          
  '    
2.         ,   
            

-
3. (a)          
 
()    ?
4. -     ,    ,  
       
2.
-
5.         Windows GUI   -
   ,   PowerShell   
6.      -  '    ,
      
-
7.    MS PowerPoint     ,  
       -   
8.       ,     
 ,     ,        
2.
  -2024
..  
 
(    )
:      :75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.   -          
  '    
:   
           
               ,  
    ,           
            ,    
            ,   
   
  (1940–1956):    
  1940                ,
               
             -   
      
     :
: 
:   ,    
:      
/:      
2.
 :  ( 0  1)
:
      '  ,       
    , ENIAC (    )  
        
  :         , 
              -   
  '  
  (1956–1963):  
-    , 
1950  1960         
    -            
    ,          
       
     :
:       
:     
:   
/:  ,  ,  
 :    -    COBOL 
FORTRAN
:
    ,        
,               
          
  :  ,         
 -      ,         
 
  (1964–1971):   (ICs)  
       1960   
   
  (ICs)  ,     '    , 
      ,     
2.
     :
:  (ICs)
:   
:      
:   
/:, ,  
 :-    C  COBOL
:
      ,        
        ,   
    
  :   ,      
                  
      
  (1971–):  
1970            -      CPU
  ,               
 (PCs)  
     :
: (    - LSI       -
VLSI)
:, -  
:      
: 
/:, ,        
 : -  (C++, , )
:
      : , , , ,       
 ,  ,  ,      

  :           
         
 -     
 
2.

 (    ):    
          
      
         (AI),   ,  
   '  

    :
: ,  ,  
:        AI        
:       
: 
/:, , , - 
 :- , , , 
:

   - ,      , 
,   ,        
     ,         ,   
  
  :           
  ,      ,          -
  ,        
    










1940
1956





 
  

1956
1963




 
COBOL
,  

1964
1971





, 
,
, 

1971





++, ,

, ,



 
,

 




,

, 
, 

2.

             ,  ,
                -
 
   ,   ,      
  
 
  ,      
 ,      
         ,    
2.         ,   
            

:         , " ,     
  ?    
 ,    '       
?"   
    , "  
,   -   
    ,     -    "
    
  :      ,
            
    
1.      
 -    
      
  -    
   
       ,    ,       

:
 : , , 
 : , , 
 :  , SSD,  
 :  (  "")
  ,      
2.
 -   
              
  
,  
         
,       
  :
1.  -      
o : , ,    
2.  -        
o :    ,   ,  

  ,        -   
    
   : ,     ,     
              ,  
     
2.     
        
 -       
         :
1.  
2.    (CPU)
o   (CU)
o    (ALU)
o  
3.  
4.  ( )
  -  ,      
(a)   - 
           
 
, ,          
    (0s  1s)    ,    
2.
: 
 ' "A"   ,      
(01000001)      CPU  
()    (CPU) - 
               
       :
1.   (CU)
o , , ALU,         
o     ,   
       
  
2.    (ALU)- 
o    (, , , )  
o     (  , , )
3.  - 
o         '   
o    :
  (RAM, )- ,  
  ( , SSD)-  
(c)   - 
   CPU     ,      -  
  
: , , 
:  
2+2   ,  CPU    ,   "4" 
 
 
()   - 
   ,        
 : RAM (  )
 :  , SSD, CD,   ()
       ()        
3.      -      
             
 :
1.
 ( ) '   
 
2.
2.            
3.      ALU    
4.        
5.     
          
4.     
         :
  
      
   ,    , 
   ,         
5.    
  
:        ,      
:           

:   , ,    ' 
 

    
      
  ,     
 
 , , , ,     
 ,     
 
      
 ,     
 
2.
 ,    
  '         

,   :    
  ,      
  ,         
-
3. (a)          
 
()    ?
:   
       
  , 
,  ,         ,  
 ,  
     ,        
?  WhatsApp   , PUBG   ,    
    ?           
 ?
               -
    
  ,   ,      
  ,       -   
 ,
  '          --

 ():     
       :
            , 
 
        ' ,    
  
          ,   
 
            
,  
 ,     '     
   
1.    ?
             
             
            
 
           
  
2.
    :
 :  
   CPU, , , 
/     
   :       
  
 : ,       
   :
1.   (OS):        
 :
o  11, 10, 7
o 
o       
o      
     , ,      
            
2.  :    ,    
          :
o   (, )
o   ( , )
o  
3.  :        
    ,  ,     
   
 :
""  " "   " "  
     :
2.
2.    ?
             
   ,   -   ,    
    
    :
-:     ,    , 
,  
  ' :    
 
-:   
   :
1.  : ,  
2. : ,  
3.  : , 
4.  : , 
5.    : , 
6. :, PUBG,  
 ,        ,   
       -  -  
 
3.        
       :
 
 
   
    
   
   
  '  
   
 '   '  

  
 '   
  (, ),
 ,  
 , ,
,  

  ,  
 
 
   
    
 :
     :
2.
 = , ,  (  )
 = GPS,  ,   ( 
 )
 ():  
,             
      ,      
        
1.    ?
                 
               
   
;   (0s  1s)       
        
 :
-  -:     ()  
( )  
 :           

: ,  , , ,  ,
         
2.    
    '       :
A. -  :
               
 :  (0s  1s)  CPU    
 :      (  MOV, ADD)    
         
:
MOV , 5
 , 3
2.
 CPU   5 + 3  
B. - :
     ,          
     
:
 :, , 
- :, ++, 
 : , , 
C.     (4GL):
  -           
  
: SQL
3.   
 
   ,           
    ,         
 
 :
  ( )     ()         
     
 , " !" -   
  
,      --        
  --    
4.  ,  ,     
     :
1.         
2.        , 
  ,       
3.        , 
   '  ,      
  ():
2.
    
 :           
   
5.    
       :   
 ,    ( ) '  
 ,     C++  C#      
  
    
     ,  , 
         
6.     
 :   ,    ,     
 
 : ,        
 :        
  
   : = ;   = /
;   = ;   = 
2.
4. -     ,    ,  
       
:          
 
          :      
' 
        -     
  
    '  ,          
            
     
             - ,
, ,  -            
   
,         ,      ,
         ,      
            
1.    ?
               
      ,       
 
 ""      ,     , 
      

   
       
      
      
            
     
     
             
        -      
2.        
         ,   ,  
           '  
. 
2.
:          
  
 ,
   , ,          
:   ,   ,  
:  QWERTY ,     


:       
B. 
:        '   
 ,  ,        
  
:  ,  '  ,   '  
:  ,  ,  



:   
           
        
    
. 
:            
    
: , ,    
:  ,  ,  



:            
    
. 
:        
:  ,  ,  
: USB ,  



:
          ;   
          
 
2.
.  ( / )
:           
    
:  ,   , 
:  ,    DSLR , 
.  
:           , 

  
: , , 
:    



:            
      
  
.    
:    ,      
: , ,  
:  ,   



:          
       
.    (...)
:   (   )      
  
: -  , 
:      
I.     (MICR)
:  '       
:     
2.
:    
.  
: ,  ,      
   
:  ,  ,    
:  ,   



:          
 
.  
:      
        
 
:  ,  
:       
.    
:      '       
:  ,  
:  ,  
3.    
  
         ,     
             -     ,
             (SDA)   

  ,   '         
              , 

 ,   
 
2.
 
1.    '      (  , )
2.       
3.        
    
1.    
o  
    ,       
o            
o    
      
2.    
o   MICR        ,  
 
o  
        
 
3.   
o    
 ,    '     

o 
        
4. -- (POS) 
o  POS        
o ,  ,        
5.    
o            
 
o      ,        
     
6.   
o 
       
o          



:         -   
  ,      ,     
    
   
 
      
      
 
       
2.
-        
       
       
  :
   , 
     ,    
    :
4.   
          ,  
      , 
     ,    
      ,     ,   (
2.
)  POS  (  )      : , ,
   -        
              
     ,     ,       
,     
5. 
    ,     ,      
               , 
           ,   
    
 -   '      ,     
 '    
 -            
     ,    
  -    
 ,   
 ,        ,     
   ,  ,   
       
  
-
5.         Windows GUI   -
   ,   PowerShell   
:   
         ,  
  ,     -    
  
 ,    , 
          
   ,       ,      
              (OS)  
-  -    ,    ,    
  
, ,          
 
       : ,     , 
          -  GUI (  )
 -  (CLI),      
2.
1.     
            , 
 ,              
        
 
 OS   
1.  
o     , , /   
   
o :  
        ,  OS 
 
      CPU  
2.  
o           
     GUI (  Windows )   CLI ( 
   ) 
3.  
o         ,    
       
4.    
o    ,       
 
5.  
o          OS  , MS
Word  Chrome    
 
 :     ,    
    
(  )   
 
2.  GUI  -  (CLI)
  
      ,    
, ,   
      :
GUI (  )-          
 
CLI (- )-      
     ,    -  
 GUI (  )
         -  
2.
: , ,  -
: , , , , --
  :           
:
   , 
     ' - 
   , 
  '      

GUI  :
    
       
  ( , )   
, ,        
GUI  :
   (RAM, )    
CLI         
-  (CLI)
CLI -   '    , 
   
: -, , -     
  :   (cmd.exe)  
:
CLI     , 
 :
 
   , 
 :

CLI  :
   
   
      
    
2.
CLI  :
       
          
     
 -  CLI
    -  ,  .NET  '   
      
:
o      
o      
o         
o "cmdlets" ( )      :

-
  
  :
o  
o     
o       
  :          ("
   "),         (" 2010  
     ,     ,   
   ")
3.  GUI  CLI   ( )
    :

 GUI
CLI ( /)
  
  -,

    

   

      ' 
 
(, )
 (-)
  
   

    
2.

 ,  
 
   
 
,  
     
  


 (   )
  

 , ,

, ,  
4.   -     
       
   OS, GUI,  CLI     :
 
    
  (GUI) '       (CLI) 
 ,    
 ,       
5. 
        ,    
           
 GUI    
 ,    
    
CLI  PowerShell,      ,   
      
 
 , GUI     ,   CLI (  PowerShell)   
    ,      Windows    
   
      -            
       
2.
6.      -  '    ,
      
:   
           , 
             ,   
     ,          ,
       -        
     Microsoft Office   '     
   ( "")           
Microsoft Office              

         ,   ,  
          
   ?
 ,          
  ,  , ,   -   
             
  
        
     
  
   ,      
 -     ,
       ,    365 (  365)
 -     ,    
   , -      '
       
    
        ,     
           ,     
     ,    :
1.   :
,              (
  2021)   365    ,    -
      "  "     
  
2.   :
   
       ,  
 
2.
 '  ,       ,  
           
3.  :
       ' -   
   -       "" '   
     ,      
     
 
4.  - :
  ,   Microsoft       
   
   Office       
 ,      
 
5.   :
 '   ,          
           , 
         
6.  :
" " '            
      '         
  ,           ,  
       
7.    :
 ,           
   ,          
          !
   
     
 -         
            :
1.  :
o :      , ,    
  
o :   , ,  ,     
        
  
     
2.  :
o :      ,   
    
2.
o :       , , 
             
   
3.  :
o :         
o :         ,
, ,          
" "      '   
4.  :
o :        
o : , ,         
         -  

5.  :
o :            
      
o :
      ,   
             
  
6.  :
o :OneNote  -        
 ,       
o : ,          
           
7.  :
o :   -     ,  
     
o :   '       
        " " 
8.   ( 365  ):
o :      ,     
   
o : ,         
        
9.    :
o :    -  
o : , -       
    -     
           
 :   
2.
       :
(

,

,

,

,













)

            ,
             
  , --          
              ,  
           ,   
 ,      ,    OneDrive 
 
      ,      
      
   ,   
  
  ,            : 
     ,       ,      
                ( 
)   ,     
2.
-
7.    MS PowerPoint     ,  
       -   
:  :      
 : 
            
       ,      , 
    - , , ,       
    
    ?  
   
;          
        ,     
   
         -        
     
       ' 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼1.  :    
 
  ,           
             
 :
         
      ,  ,
 ,             
  ,  
     
 
      
 ,   
                ,
     ,       
            
        , ,  -
             
   
           
    -        '   

   ,    ""  -     
    ,   ,      
 
2.
   365  ,     
      ,      
    
        
󷘜󷘝󷘞󷘟󷘠󷘡󷘢󷘣󷘤󷘥󷘦2.  :    
              
   -         
   :
      ' 

,       ,        
    
 
  → “    :
              
      
 → "   "  "  "  

, ,             
          -    

 
         
        
GIF    GIF        , 
        GIF   
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :          
      -    
󷸜󷸝󷸞3.   - :     
  ""   ,      -    
   '            
 :
1.  
o  
o     
 ,    
 , 
 
o         
2.   
o     
 
o          
2.
3.  
o     -    
o        '      
4.   
o           
o      
5.   
o     - 
o  " " 
6.   
o         
o -    
7.   ( ,  ,  )
o     
o
 , , ,         
  '   
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐:     
-          :
               ,
      
󷗿󷘀󷘁󷘂󷘃4.     
 
    :
=   
  =    
2.
=   (, , )
=     
=     
=   -  
     ,        
        
󽆪󽆫󽆬5.    
      " "       
  -           

      
        
   ""      
         
           ' 
 ,           
?               

󷇮󷇭
       -        
 (, , , ),   (, ,
,  ),    (,  , , ,
 , , )         

 
 ,          ,  
             
,   ,
    
 
     
 ,        
 ,  ,           
 
2.
8.       ,     
 ,     ,        
:              

   ,       ,     
 ,              MS Excel ,
  Microsoft Office            ', Excel ,
                 
             Excel  
 
--   
1. ,      
           (  1, 2, 3…)   ( A,
B, C…)              ,   
      
        , , 
 
        ,      
 
;         
    
  '    ,    
,         
    , , ,  ,  
          -  

 
2.    -   
      ,        

   '          (=)  
   :
= 1 + 1
    A1  B1     
 (-),  (*),  (/),  
    
2.
 :  
    
     A  
      B      
    
C          :
= 2 * 2

              
  
    
        :
:     
=SUM(A1:A10)
:   
=(B1:B10)
   / :         
=  (C1:C10), =  (C1:C10)
:   '   
=IF(A2>50,"","")
 / :      ,    
 
   -         
3.    -    
     ,             
              
 

           
  :
  :A  Z  Z  A
  ':          
 :          
:                
                  
 

2.
             
             
 
:            , 
      ₹10,000    -    
,       
  ,     
 
4.  -     
    ,            
     
 ,    ,     
  
  
 /  :       
 :      
 :      
 :    
 
:              
  ,    ,     
     :
  (₹)
 5000
 7000
 6000
 8000
              ,
       
5.   -     
,           
   
   :     
2.
        ,        
   :
, ,    
, ,       
-           
:    1000 -         , 

  :
   
   
    
        -   
 ,  
 ,
    
6.   
 
   ,          
               :
1.
    (, , )   
2.
      , ,      
3.
               
4.
          
5.
           
 ,  ,       -   , 
, ,          
  

     ,       
 -          -     
 
  , , , ,     
  ,   -        
    
;    ,    , 
 
2.
 :
    
      --,  
   
"               

       ,         "